Unlock PHP Magic: How to Take Input from User in PHP Easily
9 Aug 2025
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Security & Culture (SC)
Explain how the Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) should be applied to CI/CD pipelines and deployment agents. Specifically, detail the minimum permissions an agent should have to deploy an application to Kubernetes.
Define Configuration Drift. Propose a technical solution (e.g., using a CM tool to regularly check state) to detect when a production server's actual configuration deviates from its defined IaC state (e.g., an unauthorized package was installed).
Describe the integration of a Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) tool into the CI/CD pipeline. Specify the ideal stage for running DAST and the necessity of running it against a fully functional, deployed staging environment.
Explain the function of Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) tools in a DevOps environment. Detail how CSPM continuously scans IaC-provisioned cloud resources (e.g., S3 buckets) to ensure security best practices (e.g., encryption at rest) are not violated.
Describe the optimal stage in the CI pipeline for running a Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tool. Explain why running SAST early is important, and how the tool's findings should be integrated into the developer's IDE for immediate feedback.
Explain the concept of Compliance-as-Code (CaC). Provide an example of a security rule (e.g., all S3 buckets must be private) and how a tool like Open Policy Agent (OPA) enforces this rule before an IaC deployment is finalized.
List 5 essential security measures for hardening the CI/CD pipeline platform (e.g., Jenkins server, build agents). Measures should include network isolation, credential storage, and mandatory logging of all execution activities.
Establish a formal policy for Vulnerability Management across the organization. The policy must define the maximum acceptable remediation time (e.g., 7 days) for high-severity vulnerabilities found in production code or dependencies.
Outline the structure and responsibilities of a Security Champions program within a DevOps team. Specify the role of a 'Champion' (a developer) in the CI/CD pipeline and their contribution to threat modeling.
Explain the purpose of Runtime Security Monitoring (e.g., using Falco) in a production environment. Provide 3 specific examples of malicious activities (e.g., shell access, file changes) that this monitoring layer is designed to detect and alert on.
Describe the concept of 'Shifting Left' in DevSecOps. Provide 3 specific security checks (e.g., SAST, Dependency Scanning) that should be performed before the code is built, and state the mandatory action taken if a high-severity vulnerability is found.
Outline a secure, automated process for applying security patches to a cluster of production Linux servers using a configuration management tool (e.g., Ansible). Detail the steps for a staggered rollout and a mandatory automated health check post-patch.
Outline a strategy for mitigating risks associated with the Software Supply Chain (e.g., third-party dependencies). Focus on using automated tools to scan and verify the provenance and integrity of all external libraries used in a project.
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