Unlock PHP Magic: How to Take Input from User in PHP Easily
9 Aug 2025
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Security & Culture (SC)
Explain the concept of Compliance-as-Code (CaC). Provide an example of a security rule (e.g., all S3 buckets must be private) and how a tool like Open Policy Agent (OPA) enforces this rule before an IaC deployment is finalized.
Explain how the Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP) should be applied to CI/CD pipelines and deployment agents. Specifically, detail the minimum permissions an agent should have to deploy an application to Kubernetes.
Describe the integration of a Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) tool into the CI/CD pipeline. Specify the ideal stage for running DAST and the necessity of running it against a fully functional, deployed staging environment.
Explain the function of Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) tools in a DevOps environment. Detail how CSPM continuously scans IaC-provisioned cloud resources (e.g., S3 buckets) to ensure security best practices (e.g., encryption at rest) are not violated.
Describe the optimal stage in the CI pipeline for running a Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tool. Explain why running SAST early is important, and how the tool's findings should be integrated into the developer's IDE for immediate feedback.
List 5 essential security measures for hardening the CI/CD pipeline platform (e.g., Jenkins server, build agents). Measures should include network isolation, credential storage, and mandatory logging of all execution activities.
Establish a formal policy for Vulnerability Management across the organization. The policy must define the maximum acceptable remediation time (e.g., 7 days) for high-severity vulnerabilities found in production code or dependencies.
Outline the structure and responsibilities of a Security Champions program within a DevOps team. Specify the role of a 'Champion' (a developer) in the CI/CD pipeline and their contribution to threat modeling.
Explain the purpose of Runtime Security Monitoring (e.g., using Falco) in a production environment. Provide 3 specific examples of malicious activities (e.g., shell access, file changes) that this monitoring layer is designed to detect and alert on.
Define Configuration Drift. Propose a technical solution (e.g., using a CM tool to regularly check state) to detect when a production server's actual configuration deviates from its defined IaC state (e.g., an unauthorized package was installed).
Describe the concept of 'Shifting Left' in DevSecOps. Provide 3 specific security checks (e.g., SAST, Dependency Scanning) that should be performed before the code is built, and state the mandatory action taken if a high-severity vulnerability is found.
Outline a secure, automated process for applying security patches to a cluster of production Linux servers using a configuration management tool (e.g., Ansible). Detail the steps for a staggered rollout and a mandatory automated health check post-patch.
Outline a strategy for mitigating risks associated with the Software Supply Chain (e.g., third-party dependencies). Focus on using automated tools to scan and verify the provenance and integrity of all external libraries used in a project.
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