Unlock PHP Magic: How to Take Input from User in PHP Easily
9 Aug 2025
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Memory Management
Using the same page reference string (7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3) and 3 frames, calculate the number of Page Faults using the Least Recently Used (LRU) Page Replacement Algorithm.
Define Logical Address and Physical Address. Explain the primary function of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) and where in the process the translation from logical to physical occurs.
Given a 32-bit logical address space and a page size of 4 KB, calculate the number of bits for the page offset and the number of pages possible in the address space. Describe the role of the Page Table.
Explain the concept of Segmentation. List 3 advantages it offers over a purely flat address space for a programmer and for system security.
Describe the sequence of events that occurs when a Page Fault happens in a demand paging system. Detail the roles of the Operating System, the MMU, and the Swap Space.
Define Thrashing in the context of virtual memory. Provide 3 specific OS techniques (e.g., working set model) designed to detect or prevent thrashing.
Given the following page reference string: 7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3 and a memory with 3 page frames, calculate the number of Page Faults using the FIFO Page Replacement Algorithm.
Explain the concept of Belady's Anomaly. Name one page replacement algorithm that suffers from it and one that does not (assuming ideal implementation).
Explain the structure and main advantage of an Inverted Page Table (IPT) compared to a traditional page table structure. Why is IPT particularly efficient for 64-bit systems?
Define and give a simple example of Internal Fragmentation and External Fragmentation. Specify which memory management technique (e.g., paging, segmentation) is more susceptible to each.
Describe the purpose of the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB). Explain the concept of the TLB hit ratio and why a high ratio is crucial for system performance.
Explain the core mechanism of the Buddy System for memory allocation. Describe how it handles a memory request that is smaller than the smallest available power-of-2 block.
Define Swapping and distinguish it from Paging. Describe a scenario where an OS would decide to perform a full process swap-out instead of just paging.
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