Unlock PHP Magic: How to Take Input from User in PHP Easily
9 Aug 2025
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Kernel & System Calls
Distinguish between a Trap and an Interrupt. Specify the cause of each event (internal vs. external) and the nature of the handling routine (synchronous vs. asynchronous).
Describe the typical sequence of steps (3-4 steps) when a user program executes a System Call (e.g., read()). Detail the role of the Trap Instruction.
Compare the architectural differences between a Monolithic Kernel and a Microkernel. State one advantage and one disadvantage for each structure concerning stability and extension.
Explain the need for User Mode and Kernel Mode operation. Specify which mode the operating system runs in and which instructions (e.g., I/O) are considered privileged.
Describe the sequence of actions the OS takes when an Interrupt occurs (e.g., I/O device completion). Detail the role of the Interrupt Vector.
Explain the role of a Device Driver in the OS structure. Describe how it acts as an interface layer between the kernel and the hardware, using a disk drive as an example.
Describe the role of the Device Status Register (DSR) in I/O operations. Explain how the OS uses polling to check the DSR when waiting for an I/O completion.
Describe the basic sequence of steps (3-4 steps) that an OS follows during the Bootstrapping process, starting from when the computer is powered on (e.g., BIOS, Boot Loader).
List and describe 3 different methods used to pass parameters from a user program to the OS kernel during a system call (e.g., registers, stack).
Distinguish between Policy and Mechanism in OS design (e.g., scheduling). Give an example of each in the context of memory management (e.g., when to swap vs. how to swap).
Explain the purpose and advantage of using Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs). How does this technique contribute to the flexibility and maintainability of a modern monolithic kernel?
Describe the role of the Device-Status Table maintained by the OS. Explain how this table helps the OS manage multiple I/O operations simultaneously.
Define a Hybrid Kernel architecture (e.g., Windows NT, macOS). Explain how it attempts to combine the performance of the monolithic approach with the modularity of the microkernel.
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