Unlock PHP Magic: How to Take Input from User in PHP Easily
9 Aug 2025
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File Systems
Given the following disk requests (98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67) and the head starting at 53, calculate the total head movement using the Shortest-Seek-Time-First (SSTF) algorithm.
Compare Sequential Access and Direct Access methods for files. For each method, identify a common use case (e.g., text editor, database) where it is most appropriate.
Describe the structure and purpose of a Tree-Structured Directory. Explain how an absolute path name is resolved and the benefit of using current directory shortcuts.
Compare and contrast Contiguous Allocation and Linked Allocation methods for disk space. Specify the primary issues (fragmentation, seeking) associated with each method.
List 5 essential pieces of file metadata (excluding the file name) typically stored in a Unix inode. Explain the role of the indirect blocks in managing large files.
Compare RAID Level 0 and RAID Level 1 in terms of performance (read/write speed) and fault tolerance. Specify the minimum number of disks required for each.
Compare the Bit Vector and Linked List methods for managing free disk space. Detail one scenario where each method would be more memory or time efficient.
Explain the concept of a Journaling File System (e.g., NTFS, ext4). Describe the primary benefit (in 1-2 sentences) this mechanism provides over non-journaling file systems during system crashes.
Explain the concept of File Consistency Semantics (e.g., Unix semantics). Describe the challenge of maintaining consistency across a distributed file system.
Describe the core idea of a Log-Structured File System (LFS). Explain its primary advantage in terms of write performance, especially on flash-based storage (SSDs).
Compare and contrast Hard Links and Soft Links (Symbolic Links) in Unix file systems. Explain the technical difference in how each reference is stored (e.g., inode vs. path).
Explain the role of the File Descriptor (an integer) in Unix-like systems. Describe the typical relationship between the file descriptor table, the open file table, and the inode.
Describe the operation of the SCAN (Elevator) Disk Scheduling algorithm. Explain its key advantage in providing fairness to requests at the extremities of the disk.
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